Household Ingredients Compared  ›  Soy Sauce (Singapore)

Soy sauce: what's actually in it?

The short answer is: either four ingredients, or a dozen. A naturally brewed soy sauce is soybeans, wheat, salt and water, fermented over months. Almost everything else on the Singapore shelf starts from a brewed base (or a hydrolysed one) and then adds sugar, caramel colour, flavour enhancers, preservatives and acids — and dark, sweet and low-sodium versions each add their own further ingredients. The front of the bottle rarely tells you which of these you are buying; the ingredient list does, in about five seconds.

This page does not rank soy sauces or pick a "best" one. Light vs dark is not a quality ranking either — light is saltier and thinner for seasoning/dipping, dark is thicker, sweeter and darker for colour and braising. They are different tools, and this page keeps them separate.

The headline, in 30 seconds

At a glance

ProductTypeIngredient list (short form)FlagPack size (as printed)Country of manufacture (as printed)
Kikkoman Naturally BrewedJapanese brewedWater, Soya Beans, Wheat, Salt4 ingredients; FairPrice SG600mlSingapore
Kikkoman Gluten FreeJapanese brewed, gluten-freeWater, Soybeans (20%), Rice, SaltRice replaces wheat; 3.2% alcohol noted250mlnot stated
Kikkoman Less SaltJapanese brewed, low-sodiumWater, Soybeans, Wheat, Salt, Spirit Vinegar, Ethyl Alcohol, SugarNon-SG listing — verify SG pack600mlSingapore
Kikkoman Teriyaki MarinadeMarinade (soy-based)Brewed soy sauce + grape juice seasoning, sugar, vinegar, spicesNot a straight soy sauce250mlnot stated
Tai Hua Light — StandardSingapore lightWater, Soya Bean, Sugar, Salt, Wheat Flour, Sodium BenzoateSugar 2nd; preservative; FairPrice SG320ml / 640mlSingapore
Tai Hua Superior DarkSingapore darkWater, Soy Bean, Caramel, Sugar, Salt, Wheat Flour, Sodium BenzoateCaramel 3rd; secondary quote — verify640mlSingapore
Kwong Cheong Thye (KCT) Superior DarkSingapore darkWater, Soya Bean, Wheat, Caramel (E150a), Salt, Sugar, E621, E211Flavour enhancer + preservative; secondary quote640mlSingapore
Lee Kum Kee Premium LightChinese lightWater, Salt, Soybeans 13%, Sugar, Wheat Flour, E150a, E631/E627, E202Non-SG customs sample — verify SG pack500mlChina
Lee Kum Kee Premium DarkChinese darkSoya Sauce base + Caramel, MSG, Inosinate/Guanylate, Sugar, Potassium SorbateSecondary quote of FairPrice page — verify500mlChina
Lee Kum Kee Gluten FreeGluten-freeWater, Soybeans, Salt, Sugar, Corn StarchUS listing — verify SG pack500mlChina
Amoy DarkChinese darkWater, Soy sauce extract 22%, Sugar, Salt, Caramel, Acids, Potassium SorbateUK listing — verify SG pack150mlChina
ABC Kecap ManisIndonesian sweet soySugar first, Soy extract (soybean ~2%), Colour, Preservative, Acid, ThickenerSugar-led; not a light soy substitute600ml (620ml variant also listed)Indonesia
Nanyang Artisan Premium LightSingapore artisan lightNon-GMO Soy Beans, Wheat, Salt, Sugar, Caramel, WaterBrand list via secondary quote — verifynot statedSingapore
Spiral Organic Shoyu (Little Farms)Japanese shoyu, organicOrganic whole soybeans, organic wheat, water, sea salt, koji sporesNaturally fermented; no sugar/additives listed250mlnot stated
Spiral Organic Tamari — Genuine (Little Farms)Japanese tamari, organic, wheat-freeOrganic whole soybeans, water, sea salt, koji spores, alcohol (~2.6%)Gluten-free; alcohol as preservative250mlnot stated
Spiral Tamari — Salt Reduced (Little Farms)Japanese tamari, salt-reducedWhole soybeans, water, sea salt, alcohol (~5%)Alcohol as preservative; not labelled organic on listing checked250mlnot stated
Kwong Woh Hing Premium DarkSingapore darkSoya Bean, Wheat Flour, Salt, Rock Sugar, Glucose Syrup, Caramel, Water, PreservativesBrand list via secondary quote — verify375mlSingapore

Prices are deliberately not shown here: they change weekly and would go stale. This site compares ingredients only. Allergens: unless stated gluten-free, every panelled soy sauce here contains soy and wheat/gluten — check the pack allergen statement.

Naturally brewed — the 4-ingredient end

Kikkoman Naturally Brewed Soy Sauce

Pack size: 600ml · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice): Water, Soya Beans, Wheat, Salt

FairPrice describes it as naturally brewed like fine wine, a traditional process taking months, using only selected ingredients, "totally different from non-brewed soya sauce". Kikkoman's own label-check material states the same four ingredients, fermented/brewed, with no artificial additives, and notes the sauce is Special Grade under the Japanese standard (10g protein per 100ml). The US variant list adds lactic acid and sodium benzoate as a preservative — a market difference worth noting: the FairPrice SG list above has neither, so do not carry the US list onto the SG bottle. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Naturally brewed

Kikkoman Soy Sauce — Gluten Free

Pack size: 250ml · Made in: not stated (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice): Water, Soybeans (20%), Rice, Salt — Contains 3.2% Alcohol v/v, from the natural brewing process

The gluten-free trick is visible in the list: rice replaces wheat as the fermentable grain. The 3.2% alcohol is a natural brewing by-product, also noted on the standard Kikkoman OFF listings — it is not added alcohol, but it is stated on the pack and matters for buyers avoiding alcohol. Allergen: soy Gluten-free (rice-based) Naturally brewed

Kikkoman Soy Sauce — Less Salt — non-SG listings, verify SG pack

Pack size: 600ml · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (EU/Thai retailer listings): Water, Soybeans, Wheat, Salt, Spirit Vinegar, Ethyl Alcohol, Sugar

FairPrice lists Kikkoman Soy Sauce — Less Salt, but its ingredient section was not retrieved in this pass, so this panel uses EU (Tesco/ASDA) and Thai (Tops) listings, which agree on the seven ingredients above and on "43% less salt than regular" (EU) / a special fermentation process (Thai). The US Less Sodium variant is different again (Water, Soybeans, Wheat, Salt, Alcohol, Lactic Acid — no sugar/vinegar listed) — three markets, three lists, one brand name. The SG pack settles which one Singapore sells. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Less salt (brand claim: 43% less, EU listing)

Kikkoman Marinade — Teriyaki (soy-based, not a straight soy sauce)

Pack size: 250ml · Made in: not stated (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice): Naturally Brewed Soy Sauce (Water, Soybeans, Wheat, Salt), Fermented Grape Juice Seasoning (Water, Grape Juice Concentrate, Glucose, Salt), Sugar, Water, Salt, Vinegar, Acidity Regulator (Acetic Acid), Spices, Onion Powder, Garlic Powder

Included because shoppers often shelve it with soy sauce: the first ingredient is itself brewed soy sauce, but the product as sold is a sweetened, spiced marinade with added sugar and grape-juice seasoning. Do not substitute it 1:1 for soy sauce in a recipe without expecting sweetness. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Marinade

Singapore light soy

Tai Hua Light Soy Sauce — Standard

Pack size: 320ml / 640ml · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice, 320ml and 640ml listings agree): Water, Soya Bean, Sugar, Salt, Wheat Flour, Sodium Benzoate

Singapore's workhorse light soy profile: sugar second (after water), wheat flour rather than whole wheat, and sodium benzoate as preservative. Tai Hua is a Singapore brand; FairPrice also lists Superior, Special, Reduced Salt and Lite variants — those are separate rows and are not assumed to share this list (see seen-but-not-verified). Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Light soy Origin: Singapore (Lite variant listing; Standard origin to confirm)

Nanyang Artisan Premium Light Soya Sauce — brand list via secondary quote, verify

Pack size: not stated · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (brand page, as quoted in a Singapore forum review): Non-GMO Soy Beans, Wheat, Salt, Sugar, Caramel, Water

Six ingredients, no preservative or flavour enhancer listed — the closest local light soy to the brewed profile on this page, with sugar and caramel still present. Because this list comes via a forum quotation of the brand page rather than a direct FairPrice/brand fetch in this pass, it is flagged and needs a direct brand/pack check before publish. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Light soy

Dark soy

Tai Hua Superior Soy Sauce — Dark — secondary quote of FairPrice page, verify

Pack size: 640ml · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice page, as quoted in a Singapore forum review): Water, Soy Bean, Caramel, Sugar, Salt, Wheat Flour, Sodium Benzoate

Compared with Tai Hua Light Standard, dark adds caramel in third position and keeps the same sugar/salt/wheat-flour/benzoate structure. The list is quoted from a forum transcription of the FairPrice page (which also gives the product ID), not from a direct FairPrice fetch in this pass — verify on the FairPrice page or pack before publish. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Dark soy

Kwong Cheong Thye (KCT) Superior Soya Sauce — Dark — secondary quote, verify

Pack size: 640ml · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice page, as quoted in a Singapore forum review): Water, Soya Bean, Wheat, Caramel (E150a), Salt, Sugar, Flavour Enhancer (E621), Sodium Benzoate (E211)

Same dark-soy structure as Tai Hua, plus E621 (monosodium glutamate) as a flavour enhancer. KCT Light (Superior) and KCT Dark (Standard/Chicken Rice) are separate FairPrice listings and are not assumed to share this list. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Dark soy

Kwong Woh Hing Premium Dark Soya Sauce — brand list via secondary quote, verify

Pack size: 375ml · Made in: Singapore (as printed)

Ingredients (brand page, as quoted in a Singapore forum review): Top Grade Soya Bean, Wheat Flour, Salt, Rock Sugar, Glucose Syrup, Caramel, Water and Preservatives.

Two sweeteners (rock sugar + glucose syrup) plus caramel — the sweetest dark-soy structure panelled here. "Preservatives" is quoted as a category word, not a named preservative; the pack should be checked for the specific preservative(s) before publish. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Dark soy

Lee Kum Kee Premium Dark Soy Sauce — secondary quote of FairPrice page, verify

Pack size: 500ml · Made in: China (as printed)

Ingredients (FairPrice page, as quoted in a Singapore forum review): Soya Sauce (Water, Salt, Soya Beans, Wheat Flour), Colour (Caramel), Flavour Enhancers (Monosodium Glutamate, Disodium 5'-Inosinate, Disodium 5'-Guanylate), Sugar, Preservative (Potassium Sorbate) — Contains: Soya beans, wheat

The most additive-heavy dark soy panelled here: three flavour enhancers (MSG + inosinate + guanylate, the classic trio) plus caramel colour and potassium sorbate. The list structure (a brewed soya-sauce base, then additives) is itself informative — the base is not the whole product. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Dark soy

Amoy Dark Soy Sauce — UK listing, verify SG pack

Pack size: 150ml · Made in: China (as printed)

Ingredients (UK retailer listing): Water, soy sauce extract (22%, water, SOYBEAN, salt, WHEAT flour), sugar, salt, colour – plain caramel, acidity regulators – lactic acid, citric acid, preservative – potassium sorbate — Contains Soya, Wheat

Amoy (Ajinomoto-licensed brand) dark soy with two acidity regulators — a feature no other dark soy panelled here has. Amoy's range also includes Light, First Press and Reduced Salt variants, none of which are assumed to share this list. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Dark soy

Chinese light soy (Lee Kum Kee)

Lee Kum Kee Premium / Light Soy Sauce — non-SG sources, SG pack to verify; sources conflict on additives

Pack size: 500ml · Made in: China (as printed)

Ingredients (Maldives customs sample, 500ml bottle): Water, salt, soybeans 13%, sugar, wheat flour, colour (E150a), flavour enhancers (E631, E627), preservative (E202)

Open Food Facts for Lee Kum Kee Premium gives a shorter list — Water, salt, soybeans, sugar, wheat flour — without the colour/enhancers/preservative, and a US retail list gives Water, salt, soybeans, sugar, wheat flour, sodium benzoate, disodium inosinate/guanylate. These cannot all be the same bottle's list: either the market/formulation differs or one source is abbreviated. The page therefore quotes the customs sample as the fullest list and flags the conflict, rather than presenting any one list as settled. The Singapore FairPrice "Lee Kum Kee Soy Sauce" listings need a direct ingredient-section check to resolve this. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Light soy

Lee Kum Kee Gluten Free Soy Sauce — US listing, verify SG pack

Pack size: 500ml · Made in: China (as printed)

Ingredients (US retail listing): Water, soybeans, salt, sugar, corn starch

Corn starch replaces wheat flour as the thickener/brewing adjunct — the same substitution logic as Kikkoman Gluten Free's rice, with a different grain. No preservative or flavour enhancer is listed on this US list, unlike the standard Lee Kum Kee lists above. Allergen: soy Gluten-free

Organic Japanese shoyu / tamari — Little Farms (Spiral)

Spiral Organic Sauce — Shoyu (Little Farms)

Pack size: 250ml · Made in: not stated (as printed)

Ingredients (Little Farms): Organic whole soybeans, organic wheat, water, sea salt, koji spores.

Little Farms describes Spiral Foods Organic Shoyu as naturally fermented from organic whole soybeans, wheat, natural sea salt, water and koji starter; high in B vitamins, protein, amino acids and enzymes (brand description). Five ingredients, no sugar, no caramel, no flavour enhancer, no preservative listed — the closest panel here to the 4-ingredient Kikkoman profile, with koji spores named as an ingredient rather than only as a process. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten Naturally fermented Organic

Spiral Sauce — Tamari, Genuine (Little Farms)

Pack size: 250ml · Made in: not stated (as printed)

Ingredients (Little Farms): Organic whole soybeans, water, sea salt, koji spores, alcohol. Approx. +/- 2.6% alcohol added as a preservative.

Made without wheat, so naturally gluten-free (Little Farms listing). Tamari is traditionally the liquid from soybean miso fermentation; this is the wheat-free counterpart to the shoyu above. The alcohol is stated as added as a preservative, unlike Kikkoman's brewing by-product alcohol — a real difference in why alcohol is on the list. Allergen: soy Gluten-free (no wheat) Naturally fermented Organic

Spiral Sauce — Tamari, Salt Reduced (Little Farms)

Pack size: 250ml · Made in: not stated (as printed)

Ingredients (Little Farms): Whole soybeans, water, sea salt, alcohol. Approx. +/- 5% alcohol added as a preservative.

The salt-reduced tamari: four ingredients, with a higher stated alcohol figure (~5% vs ~2.6% for Genuine) as the preservative. Note the listing checked does not call this one "organic" — whole soybeans, not organic whole soybeans — so it is panelled as printed, not assumed to share the Genuine variant's organic status. Allergen: soy Gluten-free (no wheat) Salt reduced (brand claim)

Sweet soy — a different product

ABC Sweet Soy Sauce — Kecap Manis

Pack size: 600ml (620ml variant also listed) · Made in: Indonesia (as printed)

Ingredients (Open Food Facts): Sugar (contains sulphite), soy extract (water, salt, soybean 2.1%, wheat), water, colour (E150a), salt, preservative (E211), acid (E330), thickener (E415) — Allergens: Gluten, Soybeans, Sulphur dioxide and sulphites

Read the numbers: sugar first, and the soy extract itself contains only 2.1% soybean. Another OFF listing for the same product gives Sugar (76%), Water, Salt, Soybean (2.1%), Wheat, Preservative (Sodium Benzoate). Either way, this is a sugar syrup flavoured with soy, thickened with xanthan gum (E415) — it will sweeten and darken a dish in a way light soy never will, and it is not interchangeable with light or dark soy. Indonesian kecap manis is traditionally sweetened with palm sugar (gula jawa); the pack list above says "Sugar", not palm sugar specifically, and the page quotes the pack, not the tradition. Allergen: soy, wheat/gluten, sulphites Sweet soy

Little Farms check (added channel)

Little Farms was checked for soy sauce. Its condiments/sauces range (177 products) includes Spiral Organic Sauce — Soy (200ml), Spiral Organic Sauce — Shoyu (250ml), Spiral Sauce — Tamari (250ml) and Tamari (Salt Reduced), plus a citrus ponzu. Re-audit 5 Nov 2026: verbatim ingredient lists were retrieved from Little Farms for Shoyu, Tamari (Genuine) and Tamari (Salt Reduced) — all three are now panelled above. Spiral Organic Sauce — Soy (200ml) and the citrus ponzu still have no verbatim list retrieved and stay in seen-but-not-verified. No Lee Kum Kee, Kikkoman, Tai Hua or other mainstream soy sauce was found in the Little Farms listings checked; Little Farms' Asian range is organic/import-led, which is itself a useful inventory finding. Little Farms recipes that call for "light/dark soy sauce" or "shoyu" are recipes, not retail products, and are out of scope.

Seen but not verified — do not panel until checked

Nutrition — what the numbers say

Soy sauce is a salt-led category: sodium is the key column here, and sugars are shown as total sugars as printed — most Singapore packs list total sugars, not added sugars, so a total-sugars figure below is not labelled "added sugar". Salt = sodium × 2.5; sodium is shown as printed and the salt equivalent in brackets. Figures are per 100 ml where the source gives per-100 figures; the Tai Hua row is per serving only, quoted exactly as printed and not converted to per 100 ml. No Nutri-Grade is assigned, and no health score is given.

ProductBasisEnergyProteinTotal fatSaturated fatCarbohydrateSugarsSodium (salt equiv.)
Kikkoman Naturally BrewedPer 100 ml, as sold — Kikkoman Australia official377 kJ (90 kcal)10.4 g——6.7 g0.6 g6,833 mg (salt 17.1 g)
Kikkoman Less Salt — Singapore officialPer 100 ml, as sold — Kikkoman Trading Asia (Singapore) official454 kJ9.9 g0 g0 g9.1 g4.9 g3,566 mg (salt 8.9 g)
Tai Hua Light — StandardPer serving (15 ml), not per 100 ml — Singapore Shopee listing (secondary), quoted exactly, not converted8.9 kcal1.1 g0 g0 g1.1 g0.8 g996 mg (salt 2.5 g)
ABC Kecap Manis — New Zealand 600 ml listingPer 100 ml, as sold — New Zealand retail listing (secondary)1,790 kJ———99.2 g81 g2,130 mg (salt 5.3 g)
ABC Kecap Manis — EU 600 ml listingPer 100 ml, as sold — EU retail listing (secondary)1,352 kJ (322 kcal)1.7 g<0.5 g0.1 g78.5 g60 g2,160 mg (salt 5.4 g, as printed)

Conflicts flagged, not silently resolved: ABC Kecap Manis sugars differ sharply by listing — 81 g per 100 ml (New Zealand 600 ml), 60 g per 100 ml (EU 600 ml), and 54 g per 100 g/ml on an Open Food Facts 275 ml listing (salt 3.75 g, i.e. sodium 1,500 mg) — so no single ABC sugars or sodium figure is presented as settled; the Singapore pack settles it. Kikkoman Less Salt also differs by market: Kikkoman Australia gives, per 100 ml, 502 kJ (120 kcal), protein 9.9 g, carbohydrate 9.8 g, sugars 3.8 g and sodium 3,808 mg, vs the Singapore official row above (454 kJ, carbohydrate 9.1 g, sugars 4.9 g, sodium 3,566 mg); the Singapore ingredient list on the SG official page (Water, Soybeans, Wheat, Salt, Alcohol, Sugar, Acidity Regulator) also differs in wording from the EU/Thai list panelled for ingredients, which is why the SG pack still needs checking. Kikkoman Naturally Brewed has a related variant difference: a larger-pack Australian listing gives 411 kJ (98 kcal), carbohydrate 8.1 g and sugars 1.3 g per 100 ml, vs 377 kJ, 6.7 g and 0.6 g in the row above.

What the numbers say, as numbers only: sodium per 100 ml is 6,833 mg (salt 17.1 g) for Kikkoman Naturally Brewed and 3,566 mg (salt 8.9 g) for Kikkoman Less Salt (Singapore official). Sugars per 100 ml are 0.6 g (Kikkoman Naturally Brewed) and 4.9 g (Kikkoman Less Salt, Singapore official), against 60 g or 81 g for ABC Kecap Manis depending on listing (conflict above). Tai Hua Light Standard, per 15 ml serving only, shows sugars 0.8 g and sodium 996 mg (salt 2.5 g) — a per-serving figure, not comparable to the per-100 ml rows without its serving size being kept in view.

Seen but not verified (nutrition) — do not panel until checked: Kikkoman Gluten Free; Kikkoman Teriyaki Marinade; Spiral Organic Shoyu; Spiral Organic Tamari (Genuine); Spiral Tamari (Salt Reduced); Tai Hua Superior Dark; Kwong Cheong Thye Superior Dark; Kwong Woh Hing Premium Dark; Lee Kum Kee Premium Dark; Amoy Dark; Lee Kum Kee Premium Light; Lee Kum Kee Gluten Free; Nanyang Artisan Premium Light. No nutrition panel was retrieved for these in this pass, and none has been borrowed from another soy sauce.

How to read a soy sauce list — the jargon, in plain English

Naturally brewed / fermented
Soybeans and wheat fermented with koji mould and yeast over months, then pressed. The list is short (soybeans, wheat, salt, water) because fermentation, not additives, creates the flavour. Alcohol (~3%) is a natural by-product.
Chemically hydrolysed / non-brewed
Soy protein broken down with acid in days rather than fermented over months, then flavoured/coloured to resemble brewed sauce. The list usually gives it away: hydrolysed protein, caramel, flavour enhancers and preservatives, often with no fermentation claim.
Light vs dark (生抽 vs 老抽)
Light (生抽) is thinner, saltier, for seasoning and dipping. Dark (老抽) is thicker, darker and sweeter, with added caramel and often sugar, for colour and braising. They are not interchangeable, and "dark" does not mean stronger in salt.
Kecap manis / sweet soy
Indonesian sweet soy sauce: a thick, syrupy sauce whose first ingredient is sugar. It is a condiment in its own right, not a sweetened version of light soy — the soybean content can be as low as ~2% of the extract.
Tamari
Japanese soy sauce traditionally brewed with little or no wheat — hence its use as a gluten-free option. Check the pack: some "tamari" still contains wheat, and some gluten-free soy sauces are rice- or corn-based instead.
E150a / plain caramel
Caramel colour made without ammonia/sulphite processes (class I). It colours dark soy; it is not the same as the sugar/caramel flavour in sweet soy, though both darken the sauce.
E621 / MSG, E627 / E631
Flavour enhancers: E621 is monosodium glutamate; E627 (disodium guanylate) and E631 (disodium inosinate) are nucleotides often used with MSG to boost savoury (umami) flavour. Their presence signals a formulated sauce, not a purely brewed one.
E202 / potassium sorbate, E211 / sodium benzoate
Preservatives. E202 is potassium sorbate; E211 is sodium benzoate. A brewed 4-ingredient sauce needs neither on its list; their presence is a reliable marker of a formulated local/Chinese-style sauce.
Less salt / reduced sodium
Salt reduced after brewing (Kikkoman: ~40–43% less, by market) or by formulation. "Less salt" does not mean low salt in absolute terms — soy sauce remains a high-sodium product — and the list often gains vinegar, alcohol or sugar in the process.

What this page is not

Sources and method

Checked 5–6 November 2026, re-audited 5 November 2026 from Little Farms product pages (Spiral Shoyu/Tamari lists), FairPrice search/brand listings (Kimlan, Tai Hua Seafood, FairPrice Superior Light, Lee Kum Kee Light Superior) and a Singapore soy guide. Re-audit added 3 panels (Spiral Shoyu, Tamari Genuine, Tamari Salt Reduced); panelled total is now 17 products. Residual gap: Tai Hua/KCT/FairPrice/Tiger variants, Pearl River Bridge, Wan Ja Shan, Amoy Light/First Press/Reduced Salt and Donki Japanese shoyu still have no SG ingredient section retrieved, and Giant/Sheng Siong soy ranges still need an in-store check. Not 100% complete. Original sources: NTUC FairPrice product pages (ingredient sections) for Kikkoman Naturally Brewed, Gluten Free and Teriyaki, and Tai Hua Light Standard; forum transcriptions of FairPrice pages for Tai Hua Superior Dark, KCT Superior Dark, Lee Kum Kee Premium Dark (flagged as secondary); Maldives customs samples and Open Food Facts for Lee Kum Kee Premium Light (conflict flagged); UK/EU/Thai/US retailer listings for Kikkoman Less Salt, Amoy Dark and Lee Kum Kee Gluten Free (flagged as non-SG); Open Food Facts for ABC Kecap Manis; Little Farms condiments range pages (no lists found). Nutrition addition, 5–6 November 2026: figures standardised to per 100 ml where the source gives per-100 figures; per-serving-only figures are quoted exactly as printed and not converted; sugars shown are total sugars as printed, not added sugars, and salt = sodium × 2.5. Full per-fact source list, including nutrition sources, is in the accompanying research notes.